Morphogenesis/table 1
The morphogenetic toolkit
This table summarises the sorts of mechanisms that cells use to organise themselves into tissues
| cell type | property | mechanism | example | reference |
| mesenchyme | movement | contact guidance | fish fin invasion | Wood & Thorogood (1984) |
| (nerves) | haptotaxis | pronephros elongation | Zackson & Steinberg (1987) | |
| contact inhibition/space colonisation | NC invasion of cornea | Bard, Hay & Meller (1975) | ||
| pigment patterning | Tucker & Erickson (1986) | |||
| cell repulsion | NC blockage in posterior somite | Wang & Anderson (1997) | ||
| chemotaxis | neuronal migration in spinal cord | Charron et al (2003) | ||
| chemorepulsion | oligodendracite dispersal | Tsai et al (2003) | ||
| epithelium to mesenchyme transition | initiation of neural crest migration | Cheung et al (2005) | ||
| apoptosis | loss of Mullerian duct | Roberts et al (1999) | ||
| condensation formation | migration | ganglion formation by neural crest cells | Lallier & Bronner-Fraser (1988) | |
| adhesion | dermal condensations | Jiang & Chuong (1992) | ||
| traction | cell aggregation | Oster et al (1985) | ||
| loss of ECM | limb pre-cartilage condensations | Li et al (2007) | ||
| cell sorting | celll-cell-adhesiion | Drosphila egg chamber organisaton | Becam et al (2005) | |
| cell focusing | C elegans embryogensis | Schnabel et al (2006) | ||
| epithelia | mesnchyme-to-epithelium transition | polarisation | nephron lumen formation | Stark et al (1995) |
| forming folds | buckling | ciliary body formation | Bard & Ross (1982) | |
| human brain formation | Armstrong et al (1995) | |||
| bending of sheet | neural fold formation | Moury & Schoenwolf (1995) | ||
| invagination | sea urchin gastrulation | Davidson et al (1995) | ||
| forming tubes | cavitation | neural tube | Schoenwolf (1983) | |
| tube branching | signalling | trachea | Sakiyama et al (2000) | |
| blood vessel branching | Ruhrberg et al (2002) | |||
| boundary formation | eph-ephrin intreactions | zebrafish model | Mellitzer et al 1999 | |
| movement | passive growth | serosa migration in honey bee | Fleig & Sander (1988) | |
| convergent extension | drosophila limb extension | Fristom et al (1977) | ||
| sea urchin gastrulation | Hardin (1989) | |||
| epiboly | early fish development | Trinkaus (1992) | ||
| contact inhibition | completion of wound healing | Radice (1980) |
References
Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Omran H, Curtis M, Zilles K. (1995) The ontogeny of human gyrification. Cereb Cortex. 5:56-63.
Bard JBL, Hay ED, Meller SM. (1975) Formation of the endothelium of the avian cornea: a study of cell movement in vivo. Dev Biol.;42(2):334-61.
Bard JBL, Gordon A., Sharp L, Sellers WI (2001) Early nephron formation in the developing mouse kidney. J. Anat. 199, 385-392.
Bard JBL, Ross AS. (1982) The morphogenesis of the ciliary body of the avian eye. II. Differential enlargement causes an epithelium to form radial folds. Dev Biol.; 92:87-96.
Becam IE, Tanentzapf G, Lepesant JA, Brown NH, Huynh JR. (2005) Integrin-independent repression of cadherin transcription by talin during axis formation in Drosophila. Nat Cell Biol. 7:510-6
Charron F, Stein E, Jeong J, McMahon AP, Tessier-Lavigne M. (2003) The morphogen sonic hedgehog is an axonal chemoattractant that collaborates with netrin-1 in midline axon guidance. Cell;113(1):11-23.
Cheung M, Chaboissier MC, Mynett A, Hirst E, Schedl A, Briscoe J. (2005) The transcriptional control of trunk neural crest induction, survival, and delamination. Dev Cell.;8(2):179-92.
Davidson LA, Koehl MA, Keller R, Oster GF. (1995) How do sea urchins invaginate? Using biomechanics to distinguish between mechanisms of primary invagination. Development. 121:2005-18.
Fleig R Sander K (1988)Honeybee morphogenesis: embyonic cell movements that shape the larval body. Developnent 103:525-534
Fristrom JW, Fristrom D, Fekete E, Kuniyuki AH (1977). The mechanism of of evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogasts. Am Zool.: 17: 671-684
Hardin J. (1989) Local shifts in position and polarized motility drive cell rearrangement during sea urchin gastrulation. Dev Biol. 136:430-45.
Jiang TX, Chuong CM. (1992) Mechanism of skin morphogenesis. I. Analyses with antibodies to adhesion molecules tenascin, N-CAM, and integrin. Dev Biol.;150(1):82-98.
Lallier TE, Bronner-Fraser M. (1988) A spatial and temporal analysis of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion formation in the avian embryo. Dev Biol.;127(1):99-112 Li Y, Toole BP, Dealy CN, Kosher RA. (2007) Hyaluronan in limb morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 2007:411-20.
Mellitzer G, Xu Q, Wilkinson DG. (1999) Eph receptors and ephrins restrict cell intermingling and communication. Nature. 400:77-81
Moury JD, Schoenwolf GC. (1995) Cooperative model of epithelial shaping and bending during avian neurulation: autonomous movements of the neural plate, autonomous movements of the epidermis, and interactions in the neural plate/epidermis transition zone. Dev Dyn. 204:323-37.
Oster GF, Murray JD, Maini PK. (1985) A model for chondrogenic condensations in the developing limb: the role of extracellular matrix and cell tractions. J Embryol Exp Morphol.;89:93-112.
Radice GP (1980)The spreading of epithelial cells during wound closure in Xenopus larvae. Dev. Bio., 376:26-46
Roberts LM, Hirokawa Y, Nachtigal MW, Ingraham HA. (1999) Paracrine-mediated apoptosis in reproductive tract development. Dev Biol.;208(1):110-22
Ruhrberg C, Gerhardt H, Golding M, Watson R, Ioannidou S, Fujisawa H, Betsholtz C, Shima DT. (2002) Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis. Genes Dev. 16: 2684-98.
Sakiyama J, Yokouchi Y, Kuroiwa A. (2000) Coordinated expression of Hoxb genes and signaling molecules during development of the chick respiratory tract. Dev Biol. 227:12-27
Schnabel R, Bischoff M, Hintze A, Schulz AK, Hejnol A, Meinhardt H, Hutter H. (2006) Global cell sorting in the C. elegans embryo defines a new mechanism for pattern formation. Dev Biol. Jun 15;294(2):418-3
Schoenwolf GC. (1983). The chick epiblast: a model for examining epithelial morphogenesis. Scan Electron Microsc 3:1371-85. Stark K, Vainio S, Vassileva G, McMahon AP. (1994) Epithelial transformation of metanephric mesenchyme in the developing kidney regulated by Wnt-4. Nature. 372:679-8.
Trinkaus, JB (1992) Mechanisms of fundulus epiboly: a current view. Am. Zool. 24: 673-688
Tsai HH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Miller RH. (2003) Netrin 1 mediates spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor dispersal. Development.;130(10):2095-105
Tucker RP, Erickson CA. (1986) The control of pigment cell pattern formation in the California newt, Taricha torosa. J Embryol Exp Morphol.:141-68.
Wang HU, Anderson DJ. (1997) Eph family transmembrane ligands can mediate repulsive guidance of trunk neural crest migration and motor axon outgrowth. Neuron.:383-96.
Wood A, Thorogood P. (1984) An analysis of in vivo cell migration during teleost fin morphogenesis. J Cell Sci.;66:205-22.
Zackson SL, Steinberg MS. (1987) Chemotaxis or adhesion gradient? Pronephric duct elongation does not depend on distant sources of guidance information. Dev Biol;124(2):418-22.
